Validating Documents via Blockchain

ABSTRACT

Authentication of electronic document is based on multiple digital signatures incorporated into a blockchain. Structured data, metadata, and instructions may be hashed to generate the multiple digital signatures for distribution via the blockchain. Any peer receiving the blockchain may then verify an authenticity of an electronic document based on any one or more of the multiple digital signatures incorporated into the blockchain.

COPYRIGHT NOTIFICATION

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BACKGROUND

Authenticity is important in today's online environment. Electronicdocuments are easily distributed, especially via private and publicnetworks (such as the Internet). Electronic documents are thus easilyaltered for fraudulent activities.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

The features, aspects, and advantages of the exemplary embodiments areunderstood when the following Detailed Description is read withreference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIGS. 1-3 are simplified illustrations of validating an electronicdocument, according to exemplary embodiments;

FIGS. 4-7 are detailed illustrations of an operating environment,according to exemplary embodiments;

FIGS. 8-12 further illustrate verification, according to exemplaryembodiments;

FIG. 13 illustrates multiple digital signatures, according to exemplaryembodiments;

FIG. 14 illustrates a blockchain, according to exemplary embodiments;

FIG. 15 illustrates multiple verifications, according to exemplaryembodiments;

FIGS. 16-17 are flowcharts illustrating a method of authentication,according to exemplary embodiments;

FIG. 18 illustrates a fraud alert, according to exemplary embodiments;and

FIGS. 19-20 depict still more operating environments for additionalaspects of the exemplary embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The exemplary embodiments will now be described more fully hereinafterwith reference to the accompanying drawings. The exemplary embodimentsmay, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not beconstrued as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Theseembodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough andcomplete and will fully convey the exemplary embodiments to those ofordinary skill in the art. Moreover, all statements herein recitingembodiments, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended toencompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof.Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include bothcurrently known equivalents as well as equivalents developed in thefuture (i.e., any elements developed that perform the same function,regardless of structure).

Thus, for example, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill inthe art that the diagrams, schematics, illustrations, and the likerepresent conceptual views or processes illustrating the exemplaryembodiments. The functions of the various elements shown in the figuresmay be provided through the use of dedicated hardware as well ashardware capable of executing associated software. Those of ordinaryskill in the art further understand that the exemplary hardware,software, processes, methods, and/or operating systems described hereinare for illustrative purposes and, thus, are not intended to be limitedto any particular named manufacturer.

As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended toinclude the plural forms as well, unless expressly stated otherwise. Itwill be further understood that the terms “includes,” “comprises,”“including,” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification,specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations,elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence oraddition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations,elements, components, and/or groups thereof. It will be understood thatwhen an element is referred to as being “connected” or “coupled” toanother element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the otherelement or intervening elements may be present. Furthermore, “connected”or “coupled” as used herein may include wirelessly connected or coupled.As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations ofone or more of the associated listed items.

It will also be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc.may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements shouldnot be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguishone element from another. For example, a first device could be termed asecond device, and, similarly, a second device could be termed a firstdevice without departing from the teachings of the disclosure.

FIGS. 1-3 are simplified illustrations of validating an electronicdocument 20, according to exemplary embodiments. Here exemplaryembodiments verify whether the electronic document 20 has been alteredsince creation. As the reader may understand, an authenticity 22 of theelectronic document 20 may be very important in banking, security,identification, and other activities conducted via the Internet. If theelectronic document 20 has changed since its original creation, thenbanking and other online activities may be compromised. Indeed, analtered version 24 of the electronic document 20 may indicate maliciousor fraudulent activity is being attempted. Exemplary embodiments maythus include a security scheme based on electronic data 26 representingthe electronic document 20.

FIG. 1 illustrates a verification server 28. The verification server 28determines whether the electronic document 20 has been changed sincecreation 30. The verification server 28 obtains the electronic data 26representing an original version 32 of the electronic document 20. Thisdisclosure mostly explains the original version 32 as of a date 34 ofcreation. The original version 32, though, may be demarcated withreference to any time, date, or version. Regardless, the verificationserver 28 may generate one or more hash values 36 associated with a hashtree 38 based on the electronic data 26 representing the originalversion 32 of the electronic document 20. The hash tree 38 may begenerated using an electronic representation of a hashing algorithm 40.The verification server 28 may then distribute one or more of the hashvalues 36 via a blockchain 50. That is, any of the hash values 36 (e.g.,hash list, hash chain, branches, nodal leaves) may be added to, storedin, or incorporated in, any record, transaction, or block anddistributed via the blockchain 50. While the blockchain 50 may be sentor routed to any destination (such as an Internet Protocol addressassociated with another server), FIG. 1 illustrates peer distribution.That is, the verification server 28 may broadcast the blockchain 50 tothe IP addresses associated with a network 52 of peer devices or nodesfor verification. Exemplary embodiments may thus utilize the blockchain50 as a distribution or publication mechanism. As the reader mayunderstand, the blockchain 50 is generally a digital ledger in whichtransactions are chronologically and/or publically recorded. Theblockchain 50 is most commonly used in decentralized cryptocurrencies(such as Bitcoin). The blockchain 50, however, may be adapted to anychain or custody (such as in medical records and in chains of title inreal estate transactions). Indeed, there are many different mechanismsand configurations of the blockchain 50, and exemplary embodiments maybe adapted to any version. Because peer-to-peer blockchain technology isgenerally known, this disclosure need not provide a detailedexplanation.

FIG. 2 illustrates a verification scheme. Here the verification server28 determines whether a current version 60 of the electronic document 20has changed since the date 34 of creation. That is, the verificationserver 28 determines whether the current version 60 differs from theoriginal version 32. The verification server 28 retrieves electronicdata 61 representing the current version 60 of the electronic document20. The verification server 28 may then generate one or moreverification hash values 62 based on the electronic data 61 representingthe current version 60. The verification hash values 62 are generatedusing the electronic representation of the hashing algorithm 40. Theverification server 28 may then compare the verification hash values 62to the hash values 36 representing the original version 32 (as of thedate 34 of creation). If the verification hash values 62 satisfactorilycompare to the hash values 36, then the verification server 28 may inferor determine that the current version 60 is the same as the originalversion 32. If, however, the verification hash values 62 fail to satisfythe hash values 36, then the verification server 28 may infer that thecurrent version 60 differs from the original version 32. The currentversion 60 of the electronic document 20, in other words, has beenaltered since the date 34 of creation. The verification server 28 maythus generate a fraud alert 64 to implement enhanced security measures.

Exemplary embodiments may detect minor changes. The hashing algorithm 40is very sensitive to even subtle alterations in the electronic document20. There are many hashing algorithms, and exemplary embodiments mayutilize any of the hashing algorithms. For simplicity, though, thisdisclosure will mostly discuss the SHA family of cryptographic hashingalgorithms, which many readers are thought familiar. For example, if theSHA-256 algorithm is applied to the electronic data 26 representing theoriginal version 32, the result is a 256-bit digital signature. There isthus an extremely low probability that different source data wouldproduce the same digital signature. So, if the current version 60 of theelectronic document 20 has even a subtle change (such as a singlecharacter in a single textual word or number), its corresponding digitalsignature (e.g., the verification hash values 62) will not match orequal the hash values 36 representing the original version 32. Exemplaryembodiments thus quickly determine whether the electronic document 20has been changed since the date 34 of creation.

FIG. 3 illustrates nodal verification. Here exemplary embodiments maydistribute one or more of the hash values 36 via the blockchain 50. Oncethe verification server 28 generates the hash values 36 (based on theelectronic data 26 representing the original version 32 of theelectronic document 20), the verification server 28 may distribute thehash values 36 via the blockchain 50. For example, the verificationserver 28 may incorporate the 256-bit digital signature 70 (generated bythe SHA-256 algorithm) into the blockchain 50. Any trusted member of thenetwork 52 of peer devices may then verify the current version 60 of theelectronic document 20. A trusted peer device 72, for example, mayreceive the blockchain 50 and retrieve or determine the digitalsignature 70 incorporated therein. The trusted peer device 72 may thenitself retrieve the electronic data 71 representing the current version60 and generate the verification hash values 62 (such as a 256-bitverification digital signature 74). The trusted peer device 72 may thencompare the hash values 36 (received via the blockchain 50) to theverification hash values 62 generated based on the current version 60 ofthe electronic document 20. As a simple example, the trusted peer device72 may compare the 256-bit digital signature 70 (based on the originalversion 32) to the 256-bit verification digital signature 74 (based onthe current version 60). If the verification hash values 36 (such as a256-bit verification digital signature 74) satisfactorily compare to thehash values 36 (such as the 256-bit digital signature 70) received viathe blockchain 50, then the trusted peer device 72 may infer ordetermine that the current version 60 is authentic and unaltered.However, if the verification hash values 36 (e.g., the 256-bitverification digital signature 74) fails to satisfy the hash values 36(e.g., the 256-bit digital signature 70, then the trusted peer device 72may infer that the current version 60 is inauthentic and altered. Thetrusted peer device 72 may thus generate the fraud alert 64 to implementenhanced security measures.

FIGS. 4-7 are detailed illustrations of an operating environment,according to exemplary embodiments. FIG. 4 illustrates the verificationserver 28 communicating with the trusted peer device 72 via acommunications network 80 and/or via a wireless network 82. FIG. 4illustrates the trusted peer device 72 as a mobile smartphone 84, whichmost readers are thought familiar. The trusted peer device 72, though,may be any processor-controlled device, as later paragraphs willexplain. The verification server 28 may have a processor 86 (e.g.,“μP”), application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or othercomponent that executes a verification algorithm 86 stored in a localmemory device 88. The verification algorithm 86 includes instructions,code, and/or programs that cause the verification server 28 to performoperations, such as generating the hash values 36 associated with theelectronic document 20 (as the above paragraphs explained). Theverification algorithm 86 may thus generate the digital signature 70representing the original version 32 (using the hashing algorithm 40).The verification algorithm 86 may then instruct or cause theverification server 28 to integrate the digital signature 70 into theblockchain 50 for distribution to the mobile smartphone 84. Exemplaryembodiments, though, may send the digital signature 70 and/or theblockchain 50 to any IP address associated with any network destinationor device.

FIG. 5 illustrates peer verification. Now that the blockchain 50 isdistributed, the trusted peer device 72 (again illustrated as the mobilesmartphone 84) may determine the authenticity 22 of the current version60 of the electronic document 20. FIG. 5 thus illustrates the mobilesmartphone 84 receiving the blockchain 50 and the digital signature 70integrated therein. The mobile smartphone 84 has a processor 90,application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or other component thatexecutes a peer-side verification algorithm 92 stored in a local memorydevice 94. The peer-side verification algorithm 92 includesinstructions, code, and/or programs that cause the processor 90 toperform operations, such as verifying the current version 60 of theelectronic document 20. The peer-side verification algorithm 92 causesthe mobile smartphone 84 to retrieve the electronic data 71 representingthe current version 60 and to generate the verification digitalsignature 74 (such as the corresponding 256-bit hash). If theverification digital signature 74 satisfactorily compare to the digitalsignature 70 received via the blockchain 50, then the peer-sideverification algorithm 92 may infer or determine that the currentversion 60 is authentic and unaltered. However, if the verificationdigital signature 74 fails to satisfy the digital signature 70 receivedvia the blockchain 50, then the peer-side verification algorithm 92 mayinfer that the current version 60 is inauthentic and altered. Thepeer-side verification algorithm 92 may thus generate the fraud alert 64to implement enhanced security measures.

FIG. 6 illustrates servile verification. Here the verification server 28may itself determine the authenticity 22 of different versions of theelectronic document 20. Whenever the verification server 28 receives thecurrent version 60 of the electronic document 20, the verificationserver 28 may alert or notify of security concerns. Here theverification algorithm 86 causes the verification server 28 to retrievethe current version 60 and to generate the corresponding verificationdigital signature 74. If the verification digital signature 74satisfactorily compares to the digital signature 70 (representing theoriginal version 32), then the verification algorithm 86 may infer ordetermine that the current version 60 is authentic and unaltered.However, if the verification digital signature 74 fails to satisfy thedigital signature 70 (representing the original version 32), then theverification algorithm 86 may implement the fraud alert 64, as thecurrent version 60 is inauthentic and/or altered.

FIG. 7 illustrates the general verification scheme. Again, because manyreaders may be familiar with the SHA-256 hashing algorithm, the generalverification scheme may use the 256-bit hash value computed by theSHA-256 algorithm. Exemplary embodiments obtain or retrieve theelectronic data 26 representing the original version 32 of theelectronic document 20. The electronic data 26 is acted on by theSHA-256 hashing algorithm to generate a 256-bit hash value as thedigital signature 70. Exemplary embodiments may also obtain or retrievethe electronic data 71 representing the current version 60 of theelectronic document 20. The electronic data 71 is acted on by theSHA-256 hashing algorithm to generate a corresponding 256-bit hash valueas the verification digital signature 74. If a match is determined,exemplary embodiments may infer that the current version 60 is authenticand unaltered. However, if the digital signatures 70 and 74 fail tomatch, exemplary embodiments may infer that the current version 60 isinauthentic and generate the fraud alert 64.

Exemplary embodiments may be applied regardless of networkingenvironment. Exemplary embodiments may be easily adapted to stationaryor mobile devices having cellular, wireless fidelity (WI-FI®), nearfield, and/or BLUETOOTH® capability. Exemplary embodiments may beapplied to mobile devices utilizing any portion of the electromagneticspectrum and any signaling standard (such as the IEEE 802 family ofstandards, GSM/CDMA/TDMA or any cellular standard, and/or the ISM band).Exemplary embodiments, however, may be applied to anyprocessor-controlled device operating in the radio-frequency domainand/or the Internet Protocol (IP) domain. Exemplary embodiments may beapplied to any processor-controlled device utilizing a distributedcomputing network, such as the Internet (sometimes alternatively knownas the “World Wide Web”), an intranet, a local-area network (LAN),and/or a wide-area network (WAN). Exemplary embodiments may be appliedto any processor-controlled device utilizing power line technologies, inwhich signals are communicated via electrical wiring. Indeed, exemplaryembodiments may be applied regardless of physical componentry, physicalconfiguration, or communications standard(s).

Exemplary embodiments may utilize any processing component,configuration, or system. Any processor could be multiple processors,which could include distributed processors or parallel processors in asingle machine or multiple machines. The processor can be used insupporting a virtual processing environment. The processor could includea state machine, application specific integrated circuit (ASIC),programmable gate array (PGA) including a Field PGA, or state machine.When any of the processors execute instructions to perform “operations”,this could include the processor performing the operations directlyand/or facilitating, directing, or cooperating with another device orcomponent to perform the operations.

Exemplary embodiments may packetize. The verification server 28 and thetrusted peer device 72 may have network interfaces to the communicationsnetwork 80, thus allowing collection and retrieval of information. Theinformation may be received as packets of data according to a packetprotocol (such as the Internet Protocol). The packets of data containbits or bytes of data describing the contents, or payload, of a message.A header of each packet of data may contain routing informationidentifying an origination address and/or a destination addressassociated with any of the verification server 28 and the trusted peerdevice 72.

FIGS. 8-12 further illustrate verification, according to exemplaryembodiments. Here exemplary embodiments authenticate the electronicdocument 20, based on its electronic data 26. While exemplaryembodiments are applicable to any type of the electronic document 20,most readers are thought familiar with a driver's license 100. That is,the electronic document 20 may have content representing an electronicversion of the driver's license 100. While the electronic document 20may be formatted according to any format 102, most readers are thoughtfamiliar with a portable document format (“PDF”) 104, the MICROSOFT®WORD® extensible markup language extension (“docx”) 106, and/or theextensible markup language (“XML”) 108. Exemplary embodiments may thusretrieve the electronic data 26 representing the driver's license 100and generate the corresponding digital signature 70 (such as thecorresponding 256-bit hash if using the SHA-256 hashing algorithm 40).Exemplary embodiments may then incorporate the digital signature 70 intothe blockchain 50 for distribution via the communications network 80.Any destination (such as the trusted peer device 72) may thus verify analleged copy of the driver's license 100 against the blockchain 50 (asthis disclosure above explains).

Exemplary embodiments may be applied to any file formatting and/orspecification. The format 102 may be proprietary, free, unpublished,and/or open. The format 102 may be designed for images, containers,audio, video, text, subtitles, control characters, and encoding schemes.The format 102 may be HTML, vector graphics, source code, text files,syntax, and software programming.

FIG. 9 illustrates structured data 110. As the reader may understand,the electronic data 26 representing the electronic document 20 may bethe structured data 110. That is, the structured data 110 may beorganized (such as an entry 112 or database field 114 in a relationalspreadsheet 116 or database 118), contained within a fixed data field120 or data record 122, and/or be addressable via a network or memoryaddress 124. Again referencing the electronic version of the driver'slicense 100, the structured data 110 may be organized according to theJavaScript Object Notation (or “JSON”). As the JavaScript ObjectNotation is a known format for structuring data, the JSON format neednot be explained in detail. Suffice it to say that at least some of theelectronic data 26 representing the driver's license 100 may be a JSONdocument 126 having the structured data 110 arranged as fields[{“Name”:“Bob Smith”}, {“State”: “TX”}, {“Birth”:“May 1, 1975”} . . . ].The driver's license 100 may thus be formatted according to a JSONschema 128 and stored in an electronic database 130 (perhaps havingother structured data 110, such as electronic database associationsaccording to [{“Title”:“Drivers License”, “properties”: {“Name”:{“type”:“string” } . . . ].

Exemplary embodiment may thus incorporate a data version 132 in theblockchain 50. For example, if the driver's license 100 is the JSONdocument 126, then the data version 132 may be the structured data 110arranged or formatted according to the JSON schema 128. Exemplaryembodiments may thus retrieve the data version 132 and generate thecorresponding digital signature 70 (such as the 256-bit hash value usingthe SHA-256 hashing algorithm 40). Exemplary embodiments may thenincorporate the digital signature 70 into the blockchain 50 fordistribution (such as to the trusted peer device 72). The trusted peerdevice 72 may thus verify an alleged copy of the driver's license 100against the blockchain 50 (as this disclosure above explains). Moreover,once the structured data 110 is known (such as JSON schema 128), anyelectronic document referenced in the electronic database 130 may berecreated, hashed, and checked against the blockchain 50 to ensure theelectronic data 26 has not been altered. For example, if the electronicdata 26 representing the driver's license 100 is stored in a humanresources database, then exemplary embodiments permit recreating thedriver's license 100 (perhaps via a POSGRES® database) andauthentication.

FIGS. 10-11 illustrate metadata 140. Here the electronic data 26representing the electronic document 20 (such as the driver's license100) may include the metadata 140 (such as[{“CreationTime”:“2012-05-07T11:12:32”}, {“SourceID”: “1131122”},{“Location”: “Wells Fargo System XXX, ID YYY”} . . . ]. Exemplaryembodiments may thus retrieve the metadata 140 and generate thecorresponding digital signature 70 (such as the 256-bit hash valuerepresenting the metadata 140). Exemplary embodiments may thenincorporate the digital signature 70 representing the metadata 140 intothe blockchain 50 for distribution to the trusted peer device 72. Thetrusted peer device 72 may thus perform a two-fold verification. Thatis, any alteration to the driver's license 100 may be determined (asthis disclosure explains), but exemplary embodiments may also verifythat the date 34 of creation (e.g.,[{“CreationTime”:“2012-05-07T11:12:32”}] has not changed. Again, if thedigital signature 70 representing the metadata 140 has changed over time(such as when comparing the original version 32 to the current version60), then exemplary embodiments may flag or notify of a possible fraudattempt. Any change in the digital signature 70 over time may also beuseful for audit trails in banking, mortgage processing, and otheractivities.

FIG. 11 illustrates different types of the metadata 140. While exemplaryembodiments may hash any type of the metadata 140, this disclosure willmainly describe the metadata 140 thought familiar to most readers. Forexample, the metadata 140 may describe the date 112 of creation, atitle, an author, a location (such as GPS information at creation),word/character count, and an abstract describing or summarizing theelectronic document 20. The metadata 140 may also include one or morekeywords associated with the electronic document 20. The metadata 140may also include a file hierarchy where the electronic document 20 isstored and/or a network address for retrieval. The network address, forexample, may be associated with a server or other machine locally orremotely storing the electronic document 20. The metadata 140 may alsoinclude structural details, such as file size, page numbering, chapterorganization, and image data. Other metadata 140 may describe approvedusers (such as administrator and user permissions or identities) anddigital rights management (or “DRM”). The metadata 140 may be formattedaccording to any standard.

FIG. 12 illustrates instructions 150. Here the electronic data 26representing the driver's license 100 may include the instructions 150.While exemplary embodiments may be applicable to any instructions, theinstructions 150 may be structured (such as executable code),unstructured instructions (such as non-executable commentary lines incode, such as English language “do thing 1, then thing 2, then thing3”). Other instructions 150 may include any messages (such as “When thisdocument is accessed, POST to the URL http://some.target.url”).Exemplary embodiments may thus retrieve the instructions 150, generatethe corresponding digital signature 70 (such as the 256-bit hash valuerepresenting the instructions 150), and incorporate into the blockchain50. Again, if the digital signature 70 representing the instructions 150has changed over time, then exemplary embodiments may flag or notify ofa possible fraud attempt.

FIG. 13 illustrates multiple digital signatures 160, according toexemplary embodiments. Because the electronic document 20 may compriseor contain multiple types of the electronic data 26, exemplaryembodiments may generate the multiple digital signatures 160. Exemplaryembodiments, for example, may generate a first digital signature 70 a(such as the 256-bit hash value using the SHA-256 hashing algorithm 40)based on the data version 132 associated with the electronic document 20(as above explained with reference to FIGS. 8-9). Exemplary embodimentsmay generate a second digital signature 70 b based on the metadata 140contained within, or associated with, the electronic document 20 (asabove explained with reference to FIGS. 10-11). Exemplary embodimentsmay generate a third digital signature 70 c based on the instructions150 contained within, or associated with, the electronic document 20 (asabove explained with reference to FIG. 12). Any or all of the multipledigital signatures 160 may be generated based on the electronic data 26representing the electronic document 20.

FIG. 14 further illustrates the blockchain 50, according to exemplaryembodiments. Once any of the multiple digital signatures 160 is/aregenerated, exemplary embodiments may incorporate one or more of themultiple digital signatures 160 into the blockchain 50. That is, any oneor more of the multiple digital signatures 160 may be added to, storedin, or incorporated into any record, transaction, or block within theblockchain 50. FIG. 14, for simplicity, illustrates the blockchain 50including the first digital signature 70 a (based on the data version132), the second digital signature 70 b (based on the metadata 140), andthe third digital signature 70 c (based on the instructions 150). Theverification server 28 may then distribute or broadcast the blockchain50 to the trusted peer device 72 for subsequent verification.

FIG. 15 illustrates multiple verifications, according to exemplaryembodiments. Once any of the multiple digital signatures 160 (e.g., 70a, 70 b, and/or 70 c) are received (perhaps via the blockchain 50), thetrusted peer device 72 may then use any one or more of the multipledigital signatures 160 to verify the authenticity 22 of the currentversion 60 of the electronic document 20. The peer-side verificationalgorithm 92, for example, may cause the trusted peer device 72 togenerate a first verification digital signature (“1^(st) VDS”) 74 a byhashing the data version 132 associated with the current version 60. Thepeer-side verification algorithm 92 additionally or alternatively causethe trusted peer device 72 to generate a second verification digitalsignature (“2^(nd) VD”) 74 b by hashing the metadata 140 associated withthe current version 60. The peer-side verification algorithm 92additionally or alternatively cause the trusted peer device 72 togenerate a third verification digital signature (“3^(rd) VDS”) 74 b byhashing the metadata 140 associated with the current version 60. If anyone or more of the verification digital signatures 74 a, 74 b, and/or 74c satisfactorily compares to their corresponding digital signatures 70a, 70 b, and/or 70 c, then the peer-side verification algorithm 92 mayinfer or determine that the current version 60 is authentic andunaltered. However, if any one or more of the verification digitalsignatures 74 a, 74 b, and/or 74 c fails to satisfy their correspondingdigital signatures 70 a, 70 b, and/or 70 c, then the peer-sideverification algorithm 92 may infer that the current version 60 isinauthentic and altered. The peer-side verification algorithm 92 maythus generate the fraud alert 64 to implement enhanced securitymeasures.

FIGS. 16-17 are flowcharts illustrating a method of authentication,according to exemplary embodiments. The electronic data 26 representingthe original version 32 of the electronic document 20 is retrieved(Block 200) and hashed using the hashing algorithm 40 (Block 202). Oneor more of the multiple digital signatures 160 are generated (Block 204)and incorporated into the blockchain 50 (Block 206). The blockchain 50is distributed via the Internet (Block 208). When the blockchain 50 isreceived (by any recipient, such as the trusted peer device 72) (Block210), any of the multiple digital signatures 160 may be used verify thecurrent version 60 of the electronic document 20 (Block 212). Themultiple verification digital signatures 74 a, 74 b, and/or 74 c aregenerated based on the current version 60 of the electronic document 20(Block 214).

The flowchart continues with FIG. 17. The multiple verification digitalsignatures 74 a, 74 b, and/or 74 c are compared to the multiple digitalsignatures 160 incorporated into the blockchain 50 (Block 218). Thenumber of matches is summed (Block 220) and compared to a verificationthreshold (Block 222). If the number of matches equals or exceeds theverification threshold (Block 224), then the current version 60 isauthentic (Block 226). However, if the number of matches is less thanthe verification threshold (Block 224), then the current version 60 isaltered (Block 228) and fraud alert 64 is generated (Block 230).

FIG. 18 illustrates the fraud alert 64, according to exemplaryembodiments. The verification server 28 and/or the trusted peer device72 generates the fraud alert 64. While the fraud alert 64 may have anymechanism and structure, FIG. 17 illustrates a simple notificationexample. The fraud alert 64 is an electronic message 240 that is sent toone or more notification addresses 242. The electronic message 240routes via the communications network 80 to a network address (e.g., IPaddress) associated with a destination device 244. The electronicmessage 240 contains information or data describing an inauthenticity ofthe current version 60 of the electronic document 20, based on one ormore of the non-matching digital signatures 70.

FIG. 19 is a schematic illustrating still more exemplary embodiments.FIG. 19 is a more detailed diagram illustrating a processor-controlleddevice 250. As earlier paragraphs explained, the verification algorithm86 and the peer-side verification algorithm 92 may partially or entirelyoperate in any mobile or stationary processor-controlled device. FIG.19, then, illustrates the verification algorithm 86 and the peer-sideverification algorithm 92 stored in a memory subsystem of theprocessor-controlled device 250. One or more processors communicate withthe memory subsystem and execute either, some, or all applications.Because the processor-controlled device 250 is well known to those ofordinary skill in the art, no further explanation is needed.

FIG. 20 depicts other possible operating environments for additionalaspects of the exemplary embodiments. FIG. 20 illustrates theverification algorithm 86 and the peer-side verification algorithm 92operating within various other processor-controlled devices 250. FIG.20, for example, illustrates that the verification algorithm 86 and thepeer-side verification algorithm 92 may entirely or partially operatewithin a set-top box (“STB”) (252), a personal/digital video recorder(PVR/DVR) 254, a Global Positioning System (GPS) device 256, aninteractive television 258, a tablet computer 260, or any computersystem, communications device, or processor-controlled device utilizingany of the processors above described and/or a digital signal processor(DP/DSP) 262. Moreover, the processor-controlled device 250 may alsoinclude wearable devices (such as watches), radios, vehicle electronics,clocks, printers, gateways, mobile/implantable medical devices, andother apparatuses and systems. Because the architecture and operatingprinciples of the various devices 250 are well known, the hardware andsoftware componentry of the various devices 250 are not further shownand described.

Exemplary embodiments may be applied to any signaling standard. Mostreaders are thought familiar with the Global System for Mobile (GSM)communications signaling standard. Those of ordinary skill in the art,however, also recognize that exemplary embodiments are equallyapplicable to any communications device utilizing the Time DivisionMultiple Access signaling standard, the Code Division Multiple Accesssignaling standard, the “dual-mode” GSM-ANSI Interoperability Team(GAIT) signaling standard, or any variant of the GSM/CDMA/TDMA signalingstandard. Exemplary embodiments may also be applied to other standards,such as the I.E.E.E. 802 family of standards, the Industrial,Scientific, and Medical band of the electromagnetic spectrum,BLUETOOTH®, and any other.

Exemplary embodiments may be physically embodied on or in acomputer-readable storage medium. This computer-readable medium, forexample, may include CD-ROM, DVD, tape, cassette, floppy disk, opticaldisk, memory card, memory drive, and large-capacity disks. Thiscomputer-readable medium, or media, could be distributed toend-subscribers, licensees, and assignees. A computer program productcomprises processor-executable instructions for verifying authenticityof electronic documents, as the above paragraphs explained.

While the exemplary embodiments have been described with respect tovarious features, aspects, and embodiments, those skilled and unskilledin the art will recognize the exemplary embodiments are not so limited.Other variations, modifications, and alternative embodiments may be madewithout departing from the spirit and scope of the exemplaryembodiments.

1. A method of verifying an authenticity associated with an electronicdocument, the method comprising: retrieving, by a hardware processor,structured data representing the electronic document, the structureddata formatted according to a format; generating, by the hardwareprocessor, a digital signature in response to hashing the structureddata using an electronic representation of a hash function;incorporating, by the hardware processor, the digital signature in ablockchain; and distributing, by the hardware processor, the blockchainincorporating the digital signature via the Internet to a peer device;wherein the peer device may verify the authenticity associated with theelectronic document based on the blockchain incorporating the digitalsignature generated in response to the hashing of the structured data.2. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating the digitalsignature in response to the hashing of the structured data formattedaccording to a schema.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprisinggenerating the digital signature in response to the hashing of a dataversion associated with the electronic document.
 4. The method of claim1, further comprising generating the digital signature in response tothe hashing of a data version associated with the structured data. 5.The method of claim 1, further comprising generating the digitalsignature in response to the hashing of a database entry associated withthe structured data.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprisinggenerating the digital signature in response to the hashing of adatabase field associated with the structured data.
 7. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising generating the digital signature in responseto the hashing of a data record associated with the structured data. 8.A system, comprising: a hardware processor; and a memory device, thememory device storing instructions, the instructions when executedcausing the hardware processor to perform operations, the operationscomprising: retrieving metadata associated with an electronic document;generating a digital signature in response to hashing the metadata usingan electronic representation of a hash function; incorporating thedigital signature in a blockchain; and distributing the blockchainincorporating the digital signature via the Internet to a peer device;wherein the peer device may verify an authenticity associated with theelectronic document based on the blockchain incorporating the digitalsignature generated in response to the hashing of the metadata.
 9. Thesystem of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise retrieving adate of creation associated with the electronic document.
 10. The systemof claim 9, wherein the operations further comprise generating thedigital signature in response to the hashing of the date of creationassociated with the electronic document.
 11. The system of claim 8,wherein the operations further comprise retrieving a title associatedwith the electronic document.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein theoperations further comprise generating the digital signature in responseto the hashing of the title associated with the electronic document. 13.The system of claim 8, wherein the operations further compriseretrieving an abstract associated with the electronic document.
 14. Thesystem of claim 13, wherein the operations further comprise generatingthe digital signature in response to the hashing of the abstractassociated with the electronic document.
 15. The system of claim 8,wherein the operations further comprise retrieving a keyword associatedwith the electronic document.
 16. The system of claim 15, wherein theoperations further comprise generating the digital signature in responseto the hashing of the keyword associated with the electronic document.17. A memory device storing instructions that when executed cause ahardware processor to perform operations, the operations comprising:retrieving different types of electronic data representing an electronicdocument; generating multiple digital signatures in response to hashingthe different types of the electronic data using an electronicrepresentation of a hash function; incorporating the multiple digitalsignatures in a blockchain; and distributing the blockchainincorporating the multiple digital signatures via the Internet to a peerdevice; wherein the peer device may verify an authenticity associatedwith the electronic document based on the blockchain incorporating themultiple digital signatures generated in response to the hashing of thedifferent types of the electronic data.
 18. The memory device of claim17, wherein the operations further comprise receiving a current versionassociated with the electronic document.
 19. The memory device of claim18, wherein the operations further comprise generating hash valuesrepresenting the current version associated with the electronic documentusing the electronic representation of the hash function.
 20. The memorydevice of claim 19, wherein the operations further comprise comparingthe hash values representing the current version associated with theelectronic document to the multiple digital signatures incorporated inthe blockchain to determine the authenticity.